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《Archivos de bronconeumologia》2020,56(11):725-741
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a prevalent disease among children and is frequently associated with both diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties. Consensus has been reached between SEPAR, SENP and SEIP, and their conclusions are as follows:Etiology depends mainly on age and other factors and no single analytical marker offers absolute diagnostic reliability.In the event of clinical suspicion of pneumonia in a healthy child, chest X-ray is not necessary. Chest ultrasound is increasingly implemented as a follow-up method, and even as a diagnostic method.The empirical antibiotic treatment of choice In typical forms of the disease is oral amoxicillin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day for 7 days, while in atypical presentations in children older than 5 years, macrolides should be selected. In severe typical forms, the combination of 3rd generation cephalosporins and cloxacillin (or clindamycin or vancomycin) administered intravenously is recommended.If pleural drainage is required, ultrasound-guided insertion of a small catheter is recommended. Intrapleural administration of fibrinolytics (urokinase) reduces hospital stay compared to simple pleural drainage.In parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE), antibiotic treatment combined with pleural drainage and fibrinolytics is associated with a similar hospital stay and complication rate as antibiotic treatment plus video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS).Systematic pneumococcal conjugate vaccination is recommended in children under 5 years of age, as it reduces the incidence of CAP and hospitalization for this disease. 相似文献
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Laura Pérez-Egido María Antonia García-Casillas Isabel Simal María Fanjul Agustin Cañizo Julio A. Cerdá Beatriz Fernandez Manuel de la Torre Javier Ordoñez Juan Carlos de Agustin 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2019,54(4):693-695
Introduction
New digital thoracic drainage systems allow an objective measurement of air leakage. They have proven their usefulness in the postoperative thoracic surgery in adults, but there is little experience with its use in the pediatric population. The objective of our study is to analyze their safety and effectiveness in the postoperative period of the pediatric patients.Method
A prospective consecutive observational study was done. All patients submitted to pulmonary resection between 2011 and 2017 and in whom digital thoracic drainage system was used (Thopaz Chest Drain System, Medela, Switzerland) were prospectively enrolled in this study. We analyzed variables: duration of chest tube (CT), days of hospitalization and radiographs in the immediate postoperative period related to the presence of CT. This group was compared with a historical cohort of patients (from 2011 to 2015) with a pulmonary resection in whom the traditional thoracic drainage was used. For the statistical analysis, the Mann–Whitney U-Test was used for independent samples.Result
Twenty-six patients were included, Digital drainage system was used in13 patients and traditional drainage was used in 13 patients. The median age was 18?months (12?days-14?years). The mean number of days with the chest tube was 1.69?±?0.6 in digital drainage group versus 5.38?±?4?days in traditional drainage group (p?<?0.05) The mean number of postoperative radiographs was 2.8?±?1.1 in digital drainage group versus 6.23?±?5.2 radiographs in traditional drainage group (p?<?0.05). The average hospital stay in digital drainage group was 5.69?±?2.7?days versus 7?±?4.7?days in the traditional drainage group (p?>?0.05). No complications related to the use of digital drainage group were registered.Conclusion
The digital thoracic drainage systems provide an objective measurement of air leakage, allowing early chest tube removal and decreasing the number of radiographs performed postoperatively. Its use in the pediatric population appears to be safe and potentially beneficial.Level of evidence
II. 相似文献38.
James Y. Zhang Jack K. Tung Zuhui Wang Shan Ping Yu Robert E. Gross Ling Wei Ken Berglund 《Journal of neuroscience research》2020,98(3):481-490
Luminopsins (LMOs) are chimeric proteins consisting of a luciferase fused to an opsin that provide control of neuronal activity, allowing for less cumbersome and less invasive optogenetic manipulation. It was previously shown that both an external light source and the luciferase substrate, coelenterazine (CTZ), could modulate activity of LMO-expressing neurons, although the magnitudes of the photoresponses remained subpar. In this study, we created an enhanced iteration of the excitatory luminopsin LMO3, termed eLMO3, that has improved membrane targeting due to the insertion of a Golgi trafficking signal sequence. In cortical neurons in culture, the expression of eLMO3 resulted in significant reductions in the formation of intracellular aggregates, as well as in a significant increase in total photocurrents. Furthermore, we corroborated the findings with injections of adeno-associated viral vectors into the deep layers of the somatosensory cortex (the barrel cortex) of male mice. We observed greatly reduced numbers of intracellular puncta in eLMO3-expressing cortical neurons compared to those expressing the original LMO3. Finally, we quantified CTZ-driven behavior, namely whisker-touching behavior, in male mice with LMO3 expression in the barrel cortex. After CTZ administration, mice with eLMO3 displayed significantly longer whisker responses than mice with LMO3. In summary, we have engineered the superior LMO by resolving membrane trafficking defects, and we demonstrated improved membrane targeting, greater photocurrents, and greater functional responses to stimulate with CTZ. 相似文献
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《American journal of surgery》2020,219(1):164-174
BackgroundClinically evident Anastomotic Leakage (AL) remains one of the most feared complications after colorectal resections with primary anastomosis. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether Prophylactic Drainage (PD) after colorectal anastomoses confers any advantage in the prevention and management of AL.MethodsSystematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE databases for randomized studies comparing clinical outcomes of patients with Drained (D) or Undrained (UD) colorectal anastomoses performed for any cause.ResultsFour randomized controlled trials comparing D and UD patients undergoing colorectal resections with primary anastomosis were included for quantitative synthesis. In total, 1120 patients were allocated to group D (n = 566) or group UD (n = 554). The clinical AL rate was 8.5% in the D group and 7.6% in the UD group, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.57). Rates of radiological AL (D: 4.2% versus UD: 5.6%; P = 0.42), mortality (D: 3.6% versus UD: 4.4%; P = 0.63), overall morbidity (D: 16.6% versus UD: 18.6%, P = 0.38), wound infection (D: 5.4% versus UD: 5.3%, P = 0.95), pelvic sepsis (D: 9.7% versus UD: 10.5%, P = 0.75), postoperative bowel obstruction (D: 9.9% versus UD: 6.9%, P = 0.07), and reintervention for abdominal complication (D: 9.1% versus UD: 7.9%, P = 0.48) were equivalent between the two groups.ConclusionsThe present meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the value of PD following colorectal anastomoses does not support the routine use of prophylactic drains. 相似文献
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